Technology has delivered groundbreaking advances in recent decades—from life-saving medical treatments to the everyday convenience of carrying a powerful computer in a pocket. Yet despite the rapid ...

Quantum computing is rapidly advancing, harnessing the power of qubits’ superposition and entanglement for computational advantages over classical systems. However, scalability poses a primary ...

Routing problems are extensively studied in the fields of transportation and optimization 1,2,3. The interest in this particular topic stems from two main factors: their high computational complexity ...