Communicative approaches to language teaching that emphasize the importance of speaking (e.g., task-based language teaching) require innovative and evidence-based means of assessing oral language.

Legon Journal of the Humanities, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2025), pp. 1-33 (33 pages) Using Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory and modality framework, this study investigates linguistic ...